Border trade at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries became a prominent factor in the development of China's border regions. To use geographical advantage, the Chinese authorities established a special institution (the "open border belt"), which allowed them to build trade channels that extend far beyond China's borders. The neighboring countries (from North Korea to Vietnam) have had to respond to Chinese initiatives. Some of them have even created their own "mirror" institutions (border trade zones, special economic zones). But publications assessing the achieved outcomes are pessimistic: unlike China, its neighboring countries have rarely succeeded. The article proposes to use the concept of internalization of rules to explain bilateral outcomes.
cross-border trade, border bazaars, internalization of rules, neoliberalism, informal economy, open border belt, Russia, China, Vietnam
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