graduate student
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, SB RAS, (Junior Researcher)
Yakutsk, Russian Federation
This article studies the current state of mammoth hunting in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The novelty of the research is the use of field materials of interviews from the direct participants of this industry. Extraction of mammoth tusk has existed in the North of Yakutia for more than three centuries, but in the second half of the 1990s of the twentieth century gets a new round of development in connection with the adoption of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the ban on trade in ivory. Mammoth tusk is an exhaustible resource, around which stable legal relations have not yet been formed. All this has given rise to the emergence of a semi-shady mammoth tusk market, in which many residents of the Far North participate. The results of the research can be designated by introduction of new scientific sources in the form of field materials, formation of the general review on this type of activity, and also description and illustration of the ritual carried out at extraction of a mammoth tusk.
mammoth, mammoth tusk mining, Arctic, customs of the North, mammoth hunting, Chychypkaan
1. Baiburin A.K. The Ritual in Traditional Culture: Structural and Semantic Analysis of East Slavic Rites. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. 191 p. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QJAZFT
2. Belolyubskaya G.S. Legal regulation of the collection of remains of mammoth fauna in the Russian Federation // Legal Studies, 2019, № 12. 1–11. (in Russ.)
3. Bubiakin D. Not to publish in the periodical press... // Socialist Yakutia: newspaper, Yakutsk, 1989, 4 June, p .3. (in Russ.)
4. Bubyakin D. Hunting for mammoths // Soviet Russia: newspaper, Yakutsk, 1989, 16 June, p. 6. (in Russ.)
5. Vasilevich G.M. Evenks: Historical and Ethnographic Sketches (XVIII-beginning of XX century). Leningrad: Nauka, 1969. 302 p. (in Russ.)
6. Vereshchagin N. K. Why mammoths became extinct. Leningrad: Nauka, 1979. 200 p. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/UBCJRF
7. Grigor'ev S.A. Extraction of remains of mammoth fauna and local communities of Arctic territories of Yakutia in the end of XX century // Bulletin of archeology, anthropology and ethnography, 2021, № 3 (54), P. 239–246. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-20; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TYCHCY
8. Davydov V. N. Unformal nature use in the Northern Baikal: extraction of bioresources in free spaces // Ethnographic Review, 2019, № 4, P. 76–88. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S086954150006193-2; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IEDJIP
9. Dyakonova A.P. Social Portrait of the Collector of Mammoth Bone // Sociology, 2022, № 2. 411–417. (in Russ.)
10. Zaika A. L. The image of a mammoth in art of ancient and traditional cultures of Northern Asia // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series "Historical Sciences", 2014, № 2 (2). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/ article/n/obraz-mamonta-v-iskusstve-drevnih-i-traditsionnyh-kultur-severnoy-azii (accessed 17 October 2022) (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/TBZMUR
11. Ivanov S. V. Mammoth in the art of the peoples of Siberia // Sb. MAE.T. XI. M.; L., 1949, P. 133– 154
12. Kirillin N.D. Resources of mammoth fauna in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation // Eastern Economics of Russia, 2015, № 2 (4), P. 41–44. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VHCKNL
13. Klokov K. B. Between the state and the market: informal practices of nature management in Siberian villages // Ethnography, 2020, № 1 (7), P. 144–167. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.31250/2618-8600-2020-1(7)-142-165
14. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. URL: https:// www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/cites.shtml. (accessed 18 November 2021) (in Russ.)
15. Legends and tales of the North / [co-compiled by M.G. Nikiforova, A.D. Popova]. Yakutsk: Bichik, 2018. 218 p. (in Russ.)
16. Madyukova S.A., Popkov Yu.V. Sociocultural neotraditionalism: reproduction of traditions and reproduction of ethnicity // New Studies of Tuva, 2010, № 2 (6). 263–265. (in Russ.)
17. Marra A.C., Mashchenko E.N. Ancient Elephants of Eurasia: Legends of the North and South // Nature, 2008, № 11(1119), P. 20–27. (in Russ.)
18. Markhandaev B. Look for a mammoth bone // Socialist Yakutia: newspaper, Yakutsk, 1990, July 21, p. 2. (in Russ.)
19. Middendorf A.F. Journey to the north and east of Siberia. Part 2: The North and the East of Siberia in Natural-Historical Attitudes. Part 6. The Natives of Siberia. (An End to the Whole Essay)]. St.Petersburg: izd-vo Imp. akad. nauk, 1878. 821 p. (in Russ.)
20. Nikolaev D.A. From the history of mammoth ivory trade in Yakutia (XIX - the beginning of XX century) // North-Eastern Humanities Bulletin, 2019, № 4(29), P. 35–39. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WJQMBM
21. Pashkevich N. About mammoths and not only about them // Socialist Yakutia: newspaper, Yakutsk, 1989, June 13, p. 3. (in Russ.)
22. Pekarskii E. Dictionary of the Yakut language. Leningrad: Izd.Akademii nauk SSSR, 1925. t. 3, ch. 1, vyp. 7, stb. 1635. (in Russ.)
23. Potravnyi I.M., Protopopov A.V., Gassii V.V. Extraction of mammoth tusks as a type of traditional nature management // The Arctic: Ecology and Economics, 2020, № 1(37), P. 109–121. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2020-1-109-121; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/FHZHIJ
24. Prokop'eva A.N., Sleptsova A.A. Products of mammoth tusk in Yakutia in XVIII century (on materials of funerary monuments) // Problems of socio-economic development of Siberia, 2020, № 3, P. 110–115. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18324/2224-1833-2020-3-110-115; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/MITBAS
25. Prokopyeva A.N., Yakovleva K.M., Sleptsova A.A. Mammoth tusk ornaments in Yakut culture: retrospective analysis and modern state // Genesis: Historical Studies, 2021, № 11, P. 120–132. DOI:https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-868X.2021.11.36795 (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KEYBUL
26. Register of valid licenses for collection of paleontological collection materials] // Ministry of Industry and Geology of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). URL: https://minprom.sakha.gov.ru/nedropolzovanie/ reestr-dejstvujuschij-litsenzij-na-sbor-palentologicheskih-kollektsionnyh-materialov (accessed 14 September 2021) (in Russ.)
27. Serikov Yu.B., Serikova A.Yu. Mammoth in myths, ethnography and archeology of Northern Eurasia // Russian archeology, 2004, № 2, P. 168–172. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/OXNMZR
28. Sleptsov A.O. On the beliefs of the Yakuts of the Yakutsk region // Bulletin of VSORGO, t. XVII, № 1-2, Irkutsk, 1886, P. 119–136. (in Russ.)
29. Sleptsov Yu.A. Customs and rituals of the Northern Yakuts - hunters (from archival material)] / Echo of the Arctic Odyssey: the fate of ethnic cultures in the studies of scientists-north historians, 2019, P. 78–80. (in Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.25693/Gurvich.2019SlepstovUA; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/BKXXUK
30. Sleptsova A.A., Fedorova A.R History of development of images and subjects in the bone carving of Yakuts] // Scientific periodical "Problems of socio-economic development of Siberia", 2019, № 4 (38), P. 177 (in Russ.)
31. Smirnov A.N., Kirillin N.D., Ivanova Yu.V., Zhurilova M.A. Forgotten mineral of the Russian Arctic - mammoth bone // Arctic: Ecology and Economics, 2016, № 1 (21), P. 66–75. (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VZKMJR
32. Soshenko A. Tusk fever // Beacon of the Arctic: newspaper, Tiksi, 1990, № . 1 [5212], January 4, p. 4. (in Russ.)
33. Fedorova A.R., Sleptsova A.A. Reflection of the mammoth image in the spiritual culture of the peoples of Yakutia // Human and Culture, 2019, № 6, P. 164–170. DOI:https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2019.6.31072 URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=31072 (accessed 18 October 2022) (in Russ.) EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AEBTQR
34. Kirillin N.D. Fossil mammoth bone - a special geocryogenic natural resource // Russian Economic Journal "ECO", 2009, Tom 2, № 8, P. 54–63. (in Russ.)
